Of Braille and Honeybees

Of Braille and Honeybees

Of Braille and Honeybees
An Address
Delivered by Kenneth Jernigan, Executive Director
National Federation of the Blind
At the Annual Convention
Detroit, Michigan, July 6, 1994

For the blind of the United States the road to Braille literacy
has been long and difficult, but the dream may at last be in process of becoming
a reality. There are undoubtedly still battles ahead, but the changing climate
is symbolized by a meeting held at the National Center for the Blind on April
4, 1994. That meeting brought together major elements in the blindness field
and gives promise of unprecedented accomplishments. It also has the potential
for tremendous strife and disunity if lessons are not learned and commitments
not kept.
In recent years Braille has become extremely controversial,
but it was not always so. Until after the Second World War, almost all blind
children who were to be educated, as well as a great many of the partially sighted,
went to residential schools for the blind. Braille was a given. Everybody learned
it, and the students with partial sight made a practice of reading it with their
eyes, blindfolds and lectures from teachers notwithstanding.
With the coming of retrolental fibroplasia and the sudden increase
in the number of blind children, public school education became a necessity.
There wasn't anywhere else to put the increased population, and the parents
were not about to permit their children to grow up illiterate. But there was
a side effect, one that received relatively little comment at the time. The
centrality of Braille was destroyed.
The public school teachers didn't know Braille, and the
new crop of teacher trainees in the mushrooming university programs were not
much better off. It is true that they received a course or two in Braille, but
that is not the same as concentrated use and everyday practice.
It was only a step from not knowing Braille to the rationalization
that it was unimportant, outdated, and in many instances harmful. As technology
advanced, it offered the vehicle. Parents, of course, were not only willing
but anxious to swallow the fallacy. If the child could see even the tiniest
bit, the teachers (not knowing Braille and feeling comfortable with print) could
say:
“Reading print is normal. You want your child to be normal.
Therefore, you want your child to read print if this is at all possible. Never
mind that magnifiers may be awkward and clumsy and that large print may be scarce.
Never mind that reading print may be slow and painful. Braille is that way,
too.”
Almost without exception the parent nodded in agreement and
settled down to a life of limited expectations for their children. Mostly they
didn't know any blind adults, people who could read Braille at hundreds
of words a minute and use it as flexibly and efficiently as print is used by
the sighted. They relied on the “professionals,” the people who were
trained to know and give competent advice.
I don't mean to paint a picture that condemns the professionals
of the forties, the fifties, and the sixties. In the main they were sincere
and dedicated, and in many instances they coped extremely well. The problems
they faced were unprecedented, and there was probably no way that a proper emphasis
on Braille could have been maintained or a true perspective achieved.
I attended a residential school for the blind in the thirties
and forties and had a thorough grounding in Braille, so I suffered no damage
and feel no resentment. The same cannot be said of many of the children of the
post-World War II era. For the most part those with any sight at all swallowed
the flimflam and limped along with print. When they reached high school and
college, their reading needs increased; their sight often worsened; they met
blind people who were literate and competent in Braille; and their anger and
frustration congealed into a cold fury. They felt that they had been cheated
and lied to, and they were determined that the blind of future generations should
not be similarly victimized.
This brings us to the eighties and early nineties, but before
continuing the story, I think it is only fair to say a word about the changing
climate among professionals. Many (but by no means all) of today's teachers
of the blind have reassessed the value and necessity of Braille. Working with
the organized blind, these new pioneers insist that blind children must have
the opportunity for true literacy and a full life. This means Braille. It also
means an understanding of the part which social attitudes play in creating or
inhibiting opportunity. It means the daily reinforcement of the concept that
it is respectable to be blind and that, given adequate training and reasonable
opportunity, the blind can compete on terms of equality with others.
Many elements have gone into the movement for Braille literacy
which has built to a crescendo and is now sweeping the nation, but few would
deny that the fight has been orchestrated and led by the National Federation
of the Blind. The Federation organized NAPUB (the National Association to Promote
the Use of Braille). The Federation has introduced and continues to press for
the passage of Braille Bills in state legislatures—laws which guarantee
to blind children the right to be taught Braille and to have teachers who are
competent in its use. The Federation has promoted reading contests and similar
activities to stress the importance of Braille to blind children. The Federation
maintains a constant drumfire of publicity to reinforce the value of Braille,
and it now spearheads a campaign to enact national legislation to assure that
blind children will be taught Braille and that their teachers will know how
to read and write it.
This brings me back to the April 4 meeting at the National Center
for the Blind and the events that preceded it. At the first meeting of the Committee
on Joint Organizational Effort, held in 1989 at the National Center for the
Blind, the Federation pressed for a policy statement affirming the value of
Braille and the right of blind children to have it. After considerable discussion
and negotiation, such a statement was drafted and agreed to by those present,
including the representatives of AER (the Association for Education and Rehabilitation
of the Blind and Visually Impaired). However, AER subsequently said that its
board had decided not to support the statement. This led to considerable controversy
and no small amount of bad feeling.
The question of Braille literacy was discussed at subsequent
meetings of the Committee on Joint Organizational Effort and also at regional
meetings of the World Blind Union, but without agreement. The Federation constantly
pressed, and AER just as constantly found problems with the language and some
of the concepts. Although less vocal about it than the Federation, the American
Council of the Blind supported the emphasis on Braille literacy. The American
Foundation for the Blind (though frequently having problems with specific language
and particular requirements) tended to do likewise.
At a meeting of the Committee on Joint Organizational Effort
in January of 1992, I pressed hard for the adoption of a simple statement recognizing
the right of blind children to have Braille instruction, and such a resolution
was adopted. I don't want to make it appear that the AER representatives
who were there were grudging in their acceptance of the resolution or that they
opposed the concept of the value of Braille literacy. Such was not the case.
However, they were reluctant to have unambiguous,
straightforward language.
They said that the federal requirement for an IEP (Individualized
Education Program) for each disabled student prohibited the blanket requirement
that blind children should have Braille available to them. Such an argument
concerning the teaching of print to sighted children would be laughed to scorn,
but the world of disability and blindness has peculiar norms. In any case I
want to give you the entire text of the January, 1992, resolution. It was unanimously
adopted by the Committee on Joint
Organizational Effort, with representatives of AER present and voting affirmatively.
I intend to give you the full text of other documents as I proceed, and although
some of them will be repetitious and characterized by the arcane jargon of professionalism,
federalese, and bureaucracy, I urge you not only to give attention to them but
to concentrate on their every word. We as blind people should become intimately
familiar with the details of the resolutions, policy statements, and proposed
congressional enactments which vitally affect our lives and the lives of the
blind of coming generations. Here is the text of the January, 1992, resolution:
RESOLUTION ON BRAILLE
Recognizing that ongoing assessment and due process are requirements
of the law, the members of the Committee on Joint Organizational Effort endorse
the principle that in planning the educational program for a blind or visually
impaired child, these guidelines be followed:
If reading and writing are to be taught and if the parent or
parents and the decision makers for the school want the child to be taught Braille,
this should be done.
If reading and writing are to be taught and if the parent or
parents and the decision makers for the school want print to be taught, this
should be done.
If the parent or parents and the decision makers for the school
cannot agree, then both Braille and print should be taught.
Unanimously adopted by the Committee on Joint Organizational
Effort, January 16, 1992
Although the AER representatives participated in drafting the
final language of this resolution and voted for it, they made it clear that
they could not commit AER to its support until and unless they received approval
from their board. Subsequently the AER board rejected the resolution.
Meanwhile, Federation Braille bills continued to be introduced
and passed in state legislatures throughout the country. More often than not
these bills were opposed (witness Wisconsin) by AER representatives. Certainly
this was not universally the case, and in some instances there was and is collaboration.
Another element was the Braille competency test developed by
NLS (the National Library Service for the Blind and PhysicallyHandicapped of
the Library of Congress). The members of the Committee on Joint Organizational
Effort requested NLS to develop the test, and it was painstakingly and competently
done. It was released for use in January of this year, but a number of the teachers
of the blind throughout the country said that the test should not be used since
it had not been, to use their terminology, “validated.” Never mind
that the Library of Congress has been giving competency tests by the thousands
to certify Braille transcribers since the 1940's, and never mind that the
NLS test was developed by the most knowledgeable professionals in the blindness
field, including leaders of AER. There were those who said that the opposition
to the test was from people who did not know Braille, even though they were
supposed to be in a position to teach it, and that in the name of professionalism
they were simply trying to protect their jobs and cover their nakedness. Such
statements were vehemently made, and just as vehemently rejected.
At its Washington Seminar in January of this year, the Federation
made a federal Braille literacy law one of the prime objectives of its legislative
program. The vehicle was meant to be the IDEA (the Individuals with Disabilities
Education Act), which must be reauthorized before Congress adjourns this fall.
To this end hundreds of Federation members went to Capitol Hill and contacted
every senatorial and congressional office.
One of those contacted was Congressman James Traficant of Ohio,
one of the Federation's long-time friends. In February of this year Congressman
Traficant called the Federation's National Office and said that he intended
to introduce a Braille Literacy Bill and that he would like proposed language.
Although Federation representatives had talked to Congressman Traficant at the
time of the Washington Seminar, his call was unexpected. In the circumstances
(even though the time frame was short and the drafting necessarily hasty) the
language was provided. Any other course would have been ill-advised, risking
bad will and being counterproductive. The introduction of a Traficant Bill could
do no harm since there would be plenty of time to refine the language and get
consensus.
In a letter to members of the House of Representatives dated
February 24, 1994, Congressman Traficant said in part:
“The numbers of the blind who can read at all are declining.
In 1968, out of 19,902 blind students enrolled in elementary and secondary education,
40 percent read Braille, 45 percent read large type or regular print, and 4
percent read both. In January, 1993, out of 50,204 blind students, fewer than
9 percent could read Braille, 27 percent could read print, and 40 percent could
not read at all. In other words, while there are 40,000 more blind children
in school today, only 30 percent can read—far cry from 95 percent in 1968.”
This is what Congressman Traficant said, and it graphically
emphasizes the problem. There are those who claim that these statistics are
misleading since many of the blind children who were counted in the 1993 census
were multiply handicapped while most of those listed in the 1968 computation
were not, but such an argument fails to take into account two important factors.
With the shifting of most of the educable blind children to public schools,
the residential schools have correspondingly become the collecting place for
children with multiple handicaps. This has inevitably meant a declining emphasis
on Braille even for the educable blind children remaining in the residential
schools. At the same time, as already noted, the public schools (with their
thinly scattered population of blind students and their inexperienced teachers,
who have no necessity to use and practice Braille on a daily basis) have been
unable to fill the gap. Therefore, there is no place left where a blind child
can be assured of receiving competent Braille instruction in a friendly environment.
Without any consultation or delay both AER and the American
Foundation for the Blind sent letters and telegrams to Congress opposing the
Traficant Bill. Upon reflection, leaders of both organizations say that they
think they were mistaken in such impulsive action—action which created
the very impression that the blindness field has been trying to avoid: namely,
that it is characterized by dissention and total disarray. Likewise, we of the
Federation should have found the time to alert AER and AFB to the step we were
taking.
However, the negatives of the situation may have been more than
balanced by the positives. The Federation called a meeting to be held in Baltimore
at the National Center for the Blind on April 4 of this year. Present were Carl
Augusto, Susan Spungin, and Scott Marshall of the American Foundation for the
Blind; Paul Schroeder of the American Council of the Blind; Michael Bina, Tuck
Tinsley, and Kathy Megivern of AER; and Marc Maurer, Jim Gashel, and I representing
the National Federation of the Blind. We spent the day negotiating about Braille
literacy and reached consensus on two documents—a statement of principles,
and proposed amendments to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.
But before giving you the language of these documents, I must
go back to two other events. At the American Foundation for the Blind's
Josephine Taylor Conference held in Washington on March 3rd of this year, Carl
Augusto, Susan Spungin, and I discussed in graphic and straightforward language
the Traficant embroilment. We kept our tempers, but we made our feelings clear.
It was obvious that all concerned wanted to find a solution and that we were
in basic agreement on most of the issues. It was at that time that we agreed
that the Federation would call the April 4 meeting.
At the regional meeting of the World Blind Union held at the
American Foundation for the Blind building in New York on March 18. I presented
a proposed Statement of Principles concerning Braille literacy. The statement
was discussed and unanimously adopted. Again, by saying that I presented it
I do not mean to imply that the others at the meeting opposed it or were grudging
in their acceptance of it. Everybody there was cooperative and engaged in give
and take. At the end of the session it was not my statement but the statement
of the entire group. Here is what it said:
If a child is totally blind or has such visual impairment as
to be unable to read print, and if literacy skills are to be taught, the child
should be taught to read and write Braille by a certified teacher competent
to teach Braille literacy skills to the blind.
If a child has a visual impairment and if literacy skills are
to be taught, the child should, if the parent or parents want this to be done,
be taught to read and write Braille by a certified teacher competent to teach
Braille literacy skills to the blind.
No teacher should be considered competent to teach Braille literacy
skills to the blind unless such teacher has passed the Braille competency test
developed by the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped
of the Library of Congress. The passing of the Braille competency test should
not be considered a substitute for or an alternative to regular training and
certification of a teacher but should be in addition to such training and certification.
This is the statement we adopted on March 18 of this year at
the regional meeting of the World Blind Union, and although the AER representatives
who were there made it clear that they would have to go to their board for final
approval, surely it was reasonable to expect that the approval would be forthcoming.
After all, their negotiator was their president. Moreover, the
concepts (and even the details of the language) were not new. They had been
kicking around for several years. Nevertheless, when we came to the April 4th
meeting at the National Center for the Blind, AER had a counter-proposal. Before
commenting on it, let me give you the exact text. Here it is:
It is absolutely imperative that blind and visually impaired
students receive appropriate special education services to meet their current
and future needs. The ability to read and write Braille is one skill which is
critically important for independence and success. Failure to provide Braille
instruction in the frequency and intensity as required in a student's Individualized
Education Plan will inexcusably result in a student who has unrealized potential
and who is unprepared to achieve and compete in school, work, and society at
large. Without literacy skills and accessibility and availability of Braille,
blind students are more seriously handicapped to achieve, succeed, and function
by this illiteracy, inaccessibility, and unavailability than by their visual
disability.
A student must be provided Braille instruction by qualified,
competent staff as required by an Individualized Education Plan based on various
considerations not limited to the student's visual capability, literacy
potential, and input from parents and service providers.
A student must be provided Braille instruction who is capable
of learning literacy skills, and who is either totally blind or who, in spite
of appropriate low vision interventions, has a serious visual impairment to
the degree as to be unable to read print efficiently as determined by a comprehensive
assessment. In addition, parent rights, safeguards, and input must be respected
and considered as provided in the federal Individuals with Disabilities Education
Act and respective state laws and rules.
Teachers of blind and visually impaired students must be graduates
of comprehensive teacher training programs and must possess specialized certification
to work with blind students. As an integral required part of the coursework
to graduate from a teacher training program and to qualify for certification,
teachers must pass the Braille Competency Test developed by the National Library
Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped of the Library of Congress.
Individual state certification requirements should be strengthened to require
additional coursework in the teaching methodology of Braille reading and writing
over and above the current coursework which predominantly emphasizes the Braille
code. Refresher opportunities should be made available to ensure that previously
trained and currently certified teachers remain current and competent in teaching
Braille.
The federal U.S. Office of Education Special Education Programs
(OSEP) in its monitoring of individual states, and in turn the respective state
monitoring of school programs should include specific criteria to ensure compliance
with regard to provisions of
1) quality Braille instruction in local education agencies and
state schools and
2) appropriate teacher certification.
In addition, consumer, advocacy, and professional organizations
of and for the blind in the United States must work cooperatively with federal,
state, and local officials and agencies to alleviate the critical personnel
shortage and meet the significant demand for qualified and competent teachers
of blind students in the United States.
This is the document which the AER Representatives brought
to the April 4 meeting at the National Center for the Blind, and it is clear
that we were moving toward consensus. However, the document also exemplifies
certain problems which have not only characterized our negotiations with AER
about Braille literacy but about most other things as well. Among the involved
phrases and the commendable sentiments, the crispness begins to fade, and there
lurks considerable leeway for wiggling. What we have been trying to get from
the very beginning is an unequivocal commitment that every blind and visually
impaired child shall have the right to be taught Braille and that the Braille
must be taught by somebody who is competent in its use. It is that simple and
that uninvolved.
Again, I want to be sure that I am understood. Many of the
leaders of AER say that they are firmly committed to the necessity of making
Braille available to blind and visually impaired children and to having competent
teachers, but the organization is so loosely structured that the leaders cannot
with any certainty speak for the members who elected them. This must be frustrating
to the leaders, and doubtless also to many of the members. Perhaps the Braille
literacy negotiations and other recent events will cause AER to rethink its
procedures and give more authority to its officers. Otherwise, the organization
will have difficulty coming to the table as an equal in the negotiations and
partnerships of consensus which are beginning to emerge in the blindness field.
AER has a number of strong leaders and a vital role to play in the new reality.
If it cannot achieve discipline and purpose, it will lose—and we will all
lose.
The April 4th meeting at the National Center for the Blind
was characterized by good will and detailed exactness. The documents that emerged
were unanimously approved by those present, and later by the AER board and the
other organizations involved. Here is the final wording of the Statement of
Principles:
If a child is unable to read print by reason of total blindness
or visual impairment, and if literacy skills are to be taught, the child should
be taught to read and write Braille by a certified teacher competent to teach
Braille literacy skills to the blind, unless by reason of multiple disabilities
it is impossible for the child to read Braille.
If a child has a visual impairment and if literacy skills are
to be taught, the child should, if the parent or parents want this to be done,
be taught to read and write Braille by a certified teacher competent to teach
Braille literacy skills to the blind. If a dispute arises between the parent
or parents and the local educational agency regarding appropriate reading media,
both print and Braille shall be taught.
No teacher should be considered competent to teach Braille literacy
skills to the blind unless such teacher has passed the Braille competency test
developed by the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped
of the Library of Congress. The passing of the Braille competency test should
not be considered a substitute for or an alternative to regular training and
certification of a teacher but should be in addition to such training and certification.
After we had adopted this Statement of Principles, we proceeded
in the spirit of the document to draft proposed amendments to the Individuals
with Disabilities Education Act. We said that the Individualized Education Program
for a child who is blind or visually impaired must include a Braille Literacy
Plan, and we then adopted the language to make it happen. Here in pertinent
part is the wording of the proposed amendments:
The term “Braille Literacy Plan” means the components
of an Individualized Education Program (IEP) for a child who is blind or visually
impaired which are designed to enable the child to communicate effectively using
Braille either exclusively or in combination with other skills.
The plan shall:
(a) be individually developed after the child's present
literacy performance and future literacy needs have been evaluated, or independently
assessed if the parents or the child, as appropriate, disagree with the results
of the evaluation;
(b) be based on the presumption that for the child who is blind
or visually impaired effective communications skills commensurate with ability
and grade level will often require Braille instruction and use; and
(c) in the event that Braille has not been found necessary for
the child's present educational progress or future needs, assure that all
members of the team responsible for the IEP have concurred, provided that if
any member or members have not concurred, Braille instruction and use will be
included in the child's IEP along with other appropriate literacy skills.
STATE PLAN REQUIREMENTS
. . . set forth assurances that in the expenditure of federal
funds for the purchase of textbooks or other educational materials, the state,
a local education agency, or an intermediate educational unit, as appropriate,
will obtain such materials in electronic text versions appropriate for producing
Braille.
APPLICATION REQUIREMENT
. . . provide satisfactory assurances that the local educational
agency or intermediate educational unit will:
(a) establish or revise, whichever is appropriate, a Braille
Literacy Plan which shall be incorporated into the Individualized Education
Program of each child who is blind or visually impaired as defined in Section
602;
(b) assure that Braille instruction under each such plan is
provided by appropriately trained and certified personnel who have demonstrated
Braille competency at a level consistent with the National Literary Braille
Competency Test adopted by the Library of Congress;
GRANTS FOR PERSONNEL TRAINING
There shall be
. . . pre-service and in-service training of special education
personnel and other personnel in Braille to a level of competency consistent
with the National Literary Braille Competency Test developed by the Library
of Congress.
This is the substance of the agreements reached at the April
4 meeting and later approved by the Association for Education and Rehabilitation
of the Blind and Visually Impaired, the American Council of the Blind, the American
Foundation for the Blind, and the National Federation of the Blind. At long
last the principal organizations in the blindness field of the United States
have reached consensus on a major issue. That achievement is momentous. The
credit does not belong to any single organization or individual. It belongs
to all who participated, and all can share in the pride of accomplishment.
If the commitments that have been made are kept and if the unity
of purpose can be expanded to other issues, an unprecedented era of harmony
and progress may be opening before us. But before we settle down to celebrate,
let us keep in mind that the new partnerships will be difficult to maintain.
The building of trust takes time. It requires care, forbearance, and enough
sense to understand long-range benefits and self-interest.
And there is something else. We have not won the battle for
Braille literacy yet. We have only agreed to join together to fight it. We must
negotiate with the Administration and Congress, and we must keep our ranks together
and present a common front.
On one thing, however, there can be no doubt. The National Federation
of the Blind is absolutely and irrevocably committed to the achievement of Braille
literacy for the blind of this country. On this issue we will not equivocate;
we will not compromise; and we will not quit. It must—it will be done.
We are demonstrating our commitment by raising tens of thousands
of dollars to restore the birthplace of Louis Braille in France—and we
are doing it not only as an organization but also as individuals: blind men
and women throughout the country with our dollars and dimes, our love and belief.
We are continuing to introduce Braille bills in the state legislatures, and
we will keep at it until every blind child in the United States has opportunity
and hope for the future.
We want no strife or confrontation—but we will do what
we have to do. Those who negotiate and engage in diplomacy without the willingness
to fight are simply rationalizing their weakness and lack of purpose. But those
who fight and are not willing to negotiate or engage in diplomacy are rationalizing
barbarism and their lack of commitment to constructive objectives. As Harold
Stassen said, “The man who kindles the flames of hate and violence lights
a fire under his own house.”
We know these things, and we are also aware of Dag Hammarsjkold's
statement. He said, “Like the bee, we distill poison from honey for our
self-defense. What happens to the bee if it uses its sting is well known. It
dies.”
Yes, we know that. But
we also know something else—something which Hammarsjkold failed to mention.
The individual bee may die if it stings, but the whole hive dies if, in proper
circumstances, it refuses to sting. Through long experience and no small number
of exercises in survival, we have learned our lesson well. We will sting if
we must regardless of the cost to each of us personally—but we will survive
as an organization and a movement. And we hope to enjoy the honey—and live
in peace, with others and ourselves.